沉默的魄力

标签： Photo  Tampering  Throughout  History(4) 

    摄影失去了它的清白许多年前。早在19世纪60年代，照片已被操纵，只有少数几十年后涅普斯建立了第一个拍摄于1814年。随着高分辨率数码相机，强大的个人电脑和先进的图像编辑软件，操纵数字图像正变得越来越常见。在这里，我收集了一些实例窜改历史。 为了帮助抗衡的影响这一篡改，我们已经制定了一系列工具， 用于检测篡改的痕迹在数字图像（我联络Ma'at咨询详细了解我们的服务） 。

    【Photography lost its innocence many years ago. In as early as the 1860s, photographs were already being manipulated, only a few decades after Niepce created the first photograph in 1814. With the advent of high-resolution digital cameras, powerful personal computers and sophisticated photo-editing software, the manipulation of digital images is becoming more common. Here, I have collected some examples of tampering throughout history.

    To help contend with the implications of this tampering, we have developed a series of tools for detecting traces of tampering in digital images (contact me at Ma'at Consulting for more information about our services). 】

     大约1860年：这几乎偶像的肖像，美国总统亚伯拉罕林肯是一个综合的林肯的头部和南部的政治家约翰卡尔霍恩的身体。实施日期的这种形象融入方面，注意到，第一个永久性影像成立于1826年和伊士曼干板公司（后来成为柯达公司）成立于1881年。

    【circa 1860: This nearly iconic portrait of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is a composite of Lincoln's head and the Southern politician John Calhoun's body Putting the date of this image into context, note that the first permanent photographic image was created in 1826 and the Eastman Dry Plate Company (later to become Eastman Kodak) was created in 1881.】 

    大约1865年：在这张照片由著名摄影师马修布雷迪，一般谢尔曼被冒充他的将军。秘书长弗朗西斯页布莱尔（右）被添加到原来的照片。

    【circa 1865: In this photo by famed photographer Mathew Brady, General Sherman is seen posing with his Generals. General Francis P. Blair (far right) was added to the original photograph.】

    大约1930年：斯大林例行空中刷他的敌人的照片。在这照片一政委被删除从原来的照片后，属于失宠与斯大林。

    （circa 1930: Stalin routinely air-brushed his enemies out of photographs. In this photograph a commissar was removed from the original photograph after falling out of favor with Stalin.）

     1936年：在这变造照片，毛泽东（第一右）已大埔区（第一左起）从原来的照片后，大埔区失宠与毛泽东。

    【1936: In this doctored photograph, Mao Tse-tung (first from the right) had Po Ku (first from the left) removed from the original photograph, after Po Ku fell out of favor with Mao.】

    1937年：在这变造照片，阿道夫希特勒曾约瑟夫戈培尔（右二）从原来的照片。目前仍不清楚到底为什么戈培尔失宠与希特勒。

    【1937: In this doctored photograph, Adolf Hitler had Joseph Goebbels (second from the right) removed from the original photograph. It remains unclear why exactly Goebbels fell out of favor with Hitler.】

    1942年：为了创造一个更加英勇自己的肖像，墨索里尼的马处理器从原来的照片。

    （1942: In order to create a more heroic portrait of himself, Benito Mussolini had the horse handler removed from the original photograph.）

     1950年：据认为，这变造照片有助于参议员米拉德泰丁斯'选举中的失败在1950年。照片泰丁斯（右）与伯爵交谈布劳德（左） ，领先的美国共产党，是为了表明，泰丁斯了共产主义的同情。

    【1950: It is believed that this doctored photograph contributed to Senator Millard Tydings' electoral defeat in 1950. The photo of Tydings (right) conversing with Earl Browder (left), a leader of the American Communist party, was meant to suggest that Tydings had communist sympathies.】

     1968年：当在1968年夏天，菲德尔卡斯特罗（右）批准了苏联的干预捷克斯洛伐克，卡洛斯Franqui （中）切断关系，制度和进入流亡在意大利。他的形象被解除了照片。Franqui写他的感觉抹去：

    我发现我的照相死亡。 
    我是否存在？ 
    我有点黑， 
    我有点白， 
    我有点屎， 
    在菲德尔的背心。

    【1968: When in the summer of 1968 Fidel Castro (right) approves of the Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia, Carlos Franqui (middle) cuts off relations with the regime and goes into exile in Italy. His image was removed from photographs. Franqui wrote about his feeling of being erased: 
    I discover my photographic death.
    Do I exist?
    I am a little black,
    I am a little white,
    I am a little shit,
    On Fidel's vest.】
     1970年5月：这普利策奖获奖照片显示约翰费罗玛丽安桥尖叫，她kneels全身的学生杰弗里米勒在州立肯特大学，在国民卫队发射了一个示威人群，造成4人受伤9人。当这张照片被刊登在生活杂志 ，围栏后直接落后桥被拆掉。
    （May 1970: This Pulitzer Prize winning photo by John Filo shows Mary Ann Vecchio screaming as she kneels over the body of student Jeffrey Miller at Kent State University, where National Guardsmen had fired into a crowd of demonstrators, killing four and wounding nine. When this photo was published in LIFE Magazine, the fence post directly behind Vecchio was removed. ）

     1971年9月：德国总理的西德，维利勃兰特（左）会见勃列日涅夫（右一） ，第一秘书共产党。这两个烟和酒，据报道，气氛亲切，它们是喝醉。德国媒体公布的照片显示了香槟酒瓶放在桌上。苏联的报刊，但取消了瓶从原来的照片。

    【September 1971: The German Chancellor of West Germany, Willy Brandt (far left), meets with Leonid Brezhnev (far right), First Secretary of the Communist Party. The two smoke and drink, and it is reported that the atmosphere is cordial and that they are drunk. The German press publishes a photograph that shows the champagne bottles on the table. The Soviet press, however, removed the bottles from the original photograph.】

       1976年9月：所谓的“四人帮”被拆除从这个原始照片的纪念仪式，毛泽东在天安门广场。

      （September 1976: The so called "Gang of Four" were removed from this original photograph of a memorial ceremony for Mao Tse-Tung held at Tiananmen Square.）

        1982年2月：在这个国家地理杂志的封面故事在埃及，大金字塔吉萨，在横向图片戈登Gahen ，被“挤”在一起，以适应杂志的纵向格式。汤姆肯尼迪，谁是导演在拍摄国家地理杂志的封面后，被操纵，指出： “我们不再使用这项技术来操纵分子的照片仅仅是为了实现一个更引人注目的图形效果。我们认为这之后是一个错误，我们将不会重复，今天犯下的错误“ 。

       （February 1982: In this National Geographic magazine cover story on Egypt, the Great Pyramids of Giza, in a horizontal picture by Gordon Gahen, were "squeezed" together to fit the magazine's vertical format. Tom Kennedy, who became the director of photography at National Geographic after the cover was manipulated, stated that "We no longer use that technology to manipulate elements in a photo simply to achieve a more compelling graphic effect. We regarded that afterwards as a mistake, and we wouldn't repeat that mistake today". ）

    1989年8月：封面上电视指南显示此图片的日间脱口秀节目主持人奥普拉。这张照片是由剪接的负责人温弗里上的尸体演员刘玛格丽特，从1979年的宣传杆。综合创建未经允许的温或安，玛格丽特，并检测刘玛格丽特的时装设计师，谁认识到衣服。

   （August 1989: The cover of TV Guide displayed this picture of daytime talk-show host Oprah Winfrey. This picture was created by splicing the head of Winfrey onto the body of actress Ann-Margret, taken from a 1979 publicity shot. The composite was created without permission of Winfrey or Ann-Margret, and was detected by Ann-Margret's fashion designer, who recognized the dress. ）

    1992年7月：这封面TexasMonthly表明当时的得克萨斯州州长理查兹安跨一哈雷戴维森摩托车。这张照片是由剪接的负责人理查兹身体上的一种模式。编辑解释说，他们的信贷页披露这一事实，指出在贷款页的“封面照片的吉姆迈尔斯...库存照片（头部开枪）北京时间Vandivier / Texastock 。 ”之后出现的摩托车覆盖，理查兹说，自模型有这样一个好身体，她几乎不能抱怨。

    【July 1992: This cover of TexasMonthly shows the then Texas Governor Ann Richards astride a Harley-Davidson Motorcycle. This picture was created by splicing the head of Richards onto the body of a model. The editors explained that their credit page disclosed this fact by noting in the credits page "Cover Photograph by Jim Myers ... Stock photograph (head shot) By Kevin Vandivier / Texastock". After the motorcycle cover appeared, Richards said that since the model had such a nice body, she could hardly complain.】

    1994年2月：这个数字复合奥运选手谭雅冰哈丁和南希里根出现在封面的纽约新闻日报。图片显示的竞争对手一起练习后不久，袭击克里根的准的哈丁的丈夫。图片说明文字写着： “汤妮雅•哈丁，左，和南希里根，似乎冰刀在这个共同纽约新闻日报综合说明。明天，他们将真正走上冰在一起。 ”

    （February 1994: This digital composite of Olympic ice skaters Tanya Harding and Nancy Kerrigan appeared on the cover of New York Newsday. The picture showed the rivals practicing together, shortly after an attack on Kerrigan by an associate of Harding's husband. The picture caption reads: "Tonya Harding, left, and Nancy Kerrigan, appear to skate together in this New York Newsday composite illustration. Tomorrow, they'll really take to the ice together." ） 

    1994年6月：这个数字改变照片黄疸辛普森出现在封面的时代杂志后不久，辛普森的谋杀案被逮捕。这张照片被操纵从来的照片拍摄的出现，改变，在封面上的新闻。时代杂志后来被指控操纵的照片，使辛普森出现“黑暗”和“威胁” 。

    （June 1994: This digitally altered photograph of OJ Simpson appeared on the cover of Time magazine shortly after Simpson's arrest for murder. This photograph was manipulated from the original mug-shot that appeared, unaltered, on the cover of Newsweek. Time magazine was subsequently accused of manipulating the photograph to make Simpson appear "darker" and "menacing". ）

    1997年11月：经过 58游客被杀害的恐怖袭击在庙哈特在埃及卢克索，瑞士小报Blick数字改变一水潭的水出现血流庙。

    （November 1997: After 58 tourists were killed in a terrorist attack at the temple of Hatshepsut in Luxor Egypt, the Swiss tabloid Blick digitally altered a puddle of water to appear as blood flowing from the temple.）

    1997年12月：改变这一数字照片，肯尼和芭比McCaughey出现在封面的新闻周刊波比后不久生下这张照片被操纵从原来的出现，改变，在封面上的时代周刊。新闻周刊操纵的照片，使芭比的牙齿直，以及被指控试图使她的“更具吸引力” 。

    （December 1997: This digitally altered photograph of Kenny and Bobbi McCaughey appeared on the cover of Newsweek magazine shortly after Bobbi gave birth to septuplets. This photograph was manipulated from the original that appeared, unaltered, on the cover of Time magazine. Newsweek manipulated the photograph to make Bobbi's teeth straighter, and were accused of trying to make her "more attractive".） 

    2000年12月：在哥伦比亚广播公司在这个会徽单帧的实时视频广播，数字插入是在新的一年的前夕播出，以掩盖美国国徽是展出的背景。所使用的技术在这种情况下，是一样的过程中广泛采用广播体育赛事上显示广告牌。

    （December 2000: The CBS emblem in this single frame of a live video broadcast, was digitally inserted during the new year's eve broadcast so as to conceal the NBC emblem that was on display in the background. The technology used in this case, is the same as that widely employed during the broadcast of sporting events to display advertisements on billboards.）    2000年9月：为了说明其不同的招生，威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校变造的照片上了一本小册子，封面的数字插入一个黑人学生在一群白人足球迷。原来的照片，白色的球迷是在1993年。增加的黑人学生，高级迪亚洛沙巴兹，是在1994年。大学官员说，他们花了夏季寻找图片，将显示学校的多样性-但没有运气。

    （September 2000: Hoping to illustrate its diverse enrollment, the University of Wisconsin at Madison doctored a photograph on a brochure cover by digitally inserting a black student in a crowd of white football fans. The original photograph of white fans was taken in 1993. The additional black student, senior Diallo Shabazz, was taken in 1994. University officials said that they spent the summer looking for pictures that would show the school's diversity -- but had no luck.） 

2002年4月： 1996年 儿童色情防治法（ CPPA ）延长现有的联邦刑事法律打击儿童色情物品，包括某些类型的“虚拟色情” 。在2002年，听诉阿什克罗夫特自由言论联盟，美国最高法院发现，部分CPPA ，被过于宽泛和限制，违反宪法第一修正案的权利。法院裁定，图像载有实际的未成年人或部分未成年人得不到保护，而电脑产生的图像描述一个虚构的未成年人是受宪法保护的。

2003年1月：这封面的GQ杂志功能一个数码共融的瘦身女主角凯特温斯莱特。温斯莱特说，修饰是“过分的。 ” “我不这样看，更重要的是，我不希望像她那样。我可以告诉你，他们已经减少的大小，我的腿约三分之一说： ”温斯莱特。 【April 2002: The 1996 Child Pornography Prevention Act (CPPA) extended the existing federal criminal laws against child pornography to include certain types of "virtual porn". In 2002, hearing Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, the United States Supreme Court found that portions of the CPPA, being overly broad and restrictive, violated First Amendment rights. The Court ruled that images containing an actual minor or portions of a minor are not protected, while computer-generated images depicting a fictitious minor are constitutionally protected. January 2003: This cover of GQ magazine featured a digitally slimmed actress Kate Winslet. Winslet said that the retouching was "excessive." "I don't look like that and more importantly I don't desire to look like that. I can tell you that they've reduced the size of my legs by about a third", said Winslet. 】