沉默的魄力

标签： Photo  Tampering  Throughout  History（2） 

    2003年1月：正本的修道院道乐队专辑封面显示保罗麦卡特尼，第三线，举行了一支烟。海报美国公司airbrushed这种形象，消除香烟从麦卡特尼的手。这种变化是未经任何麦卡特尼或苹果电脑记录，该公司拥有的权利的形象。“我们从来没有同意这样的事， ”苹果公司发言人表示。“看来这些海报公司有点儿带走。他们不应该这样做他们的，但目前还没有多少我们可以做些什么了。 ”

    (January 2003: The original copy of the Beatles Abbey Road album cover shows Paul McCartney, third in line, holding a cigarette. United States poster companies have airbrushed this image to remove the cigarette from McCartney's hand. This change was made without the permission of either McCartney or Apple Records, which owns the rights to the image. "We have never agreed to anything like this," said an Apple spokesman. "It seems these poster companies got a little carried away. They shouldn't have done what they have, but there isn't much we can do about it now." )

   

    2003年7月：本红皮书涵盖的好莱坞著名影星朱莉娅罗伯茨是一个综合的罗伯茨的头部采取了2002年人民选择奖，她的身体采取了诺丁山电影首映几年前。 Publisher Hearst admits its mistake: "In an effort to make a cover that would pop on the newsstand, we combined two different shots of Julia Roberts. We acknowledge that we may have gone too far and hope that Ms. Roberts will accept our apology."出版商赫斯特承认错误： “为了使封面将弹出的报摊上，我们结合两个不同的球的朱莉娅罗伯茨。我们承认，我们可能已经走得太远了，并希望罗伯茨女士将接受我们的道歉。 “

    （July 2003: This Redbook cover of actress Julia Roberts is a composite of Roberts' head taken at the 2002 People's Choice award, and her body taken at the Notting Hill movie premiere several years earlier. Publisher Hearst admits its mistake: "In an effort to make a cover that would pop on the newsstand, we combined two different shots of Julia Roberts. We acknowledge that we may have gone too far and hope that Ms. Roberts will accept our apology." ）

   

    2003年4月：这个数字复合一名英国士兵在巴士拉，指着给伊拉克平民敦促他们寻求掩护，出现在头版洛杉矶时报后不久，美国领导的联军入侵伊拉克。布赖恩Walski ，一名工作人员摄影师洛杉矶时报和一个30岁老将的新闻业务，被解雇后，编辑发现，他已联合了他的两名照片“改善”的组成。

    （April 2003: This digital composite of a British soldier in Basra, gesturing to Iraqi civilians urging them to seek cover, appeared on the front page of the Los Angeles Times shortly after the U.S. led invasion of Iraq. Brian Walski, a staff photographer for the Los Angeles Times and a 30-year veteran of the news business, was fired after his editors discovered that he had combined two of his photographs to "improve" the composition. ）

   

     2004年3月：这种政治广告的美国总统布什，因为他竞选总统，显示了大海的士兵作为一个后辍学的儿童举行一次国旗。此图片是假的数字复制和粘贴，从这个原始照片，几名士兵向布什数字删除从领奖台。后承认，照片已变造，布什竞选阵营说，该广告将被重新修改和重新发运电视站。

    （March 2004: This political ad for George W. Bush, as he was running for President, shows a sea of soldiers as a back drop to a child holding a flag. This image was digitally doctored by copying and pasting, from this original photograph, several soldiers to digitally remove Bush from a podium. After acknowledging that the photo had been doctored, the Bush campaign said that the ad would be re-edited and re-shipped to TV stations. ）

        2005年3月：这个数字复合玛莎斯图尔特的头部模型的尸体出现在新闻周刊封面的斯图尔特从监狱中出现的“更薄，富裕和准备黄金时间” ，作为标题内容。新闻周刊披露的来源封面图片关于第3页的方针： “封面：图片说明迈克尔Elins头部开枪。由Marc布赖恩布朗。 ”

    （March 2005: This digital composite of Martha Stewart's head on a model's body appeared on the cover of Newsweek as Stewart was emerging from prison "thinner, wealthier and ready for prime time", as the headline reads. Newsweek disclosed the source of the cover image on Page 3 with the lines: "Cover: Photo illustration by Michael Elins ... head shot by Marc Bryan-Brown." ）

   

     2005年3月：这哈珀的掩护，采取帕里斯岛，南卡罗来纳州七个海军陆战队显示排队的T恤衫，短裤和袜子。陪同的图片故事士兵开小差去（未经许可擅离职守的）。士兵们描绘的图片，但并没有擅离职守。图片供应由Getty Images作为股票的照片。 “我们正在装修的网页说， ”朱Melucci ，该杂志的副总裁公共关系。“我们并不是说这些士兵是擅离职守。涵盖我们不一定是代表。 ”

    （March 2005: This Harper's cover, taken at Parris Island, S.C., shows seven Marines lined up in their T-shirts, shorts and socks. The picture accompanied a story about soldiers that go AWOL (absent without leave). The soldiers depicted in the picture, however, were not AWOL. The picture was supplied by Getty Images as a stock photograph. "We are decorating pages," said Giulia Melucci, the magazine's vice president for public relations. "We are not saying the soldiers are AWOL. Our covers are not necessarily representative." ）

     2005年4月： 一篇文章在自然杂志上报告的影响，数码摄影和图像处理软件中的科学。例如，迈克Rossner ，编辑杂志细胞生物学，估计大约20 ％的接受他的手稿杂志至少包含一个数字，必须重拍，因为不适当的图像处理。并于1990年的2.5 ％的指控进行审查，对美国研究诚实办公室 ，负责监测科学不端行为，涉及有争议的科学图像。到2001年，这个数字几乎是26 ％ 。

    2005年4月：在此变造的照片，英国的政治家埃德马茨，保守的候选人，多塞特郡南部，和Ann Widdecombe ，保守的候选人及梅德斯通的原野，显示持有双迹象表明，连同改为“控制移民-而不是混乱和不人道”。这张照片出现的一部分马茨'选举文献。原来的照片，但是，显示相同的两名候选人竞选马拉维家庭的寻求庇护者被获准留在英国。 Widdecombe说，她很“高兴能够与任何讯息” 。

    （April 2005: An article in the journal Nature reports on the impact of digital photography and image-manipulation software in science. For example, Mike Rossner, editor of the Journal of Cell Biology, estimates that roughly 20% of accepted manuscripts to his journal contain at least one figure that has to be remade because of inappropriate image manipulation. And, in 1990, 2.5% of allegations examined by the U.S. Office of Research Integrity, which monitors scientific misconduct, involved contested scientific images. By 2001, this figure was nearly 26%.

   

   April 2005: In this doctored photograph, British politicians Ed Matts, conservative candidate for Dorset South, and Ann Widdecombe, conservative candidate for Maidstone and the Weald, are shown holding a pair of signs that together read "controlled immigration -- not chaos and inhumanity". This picture appeared as part of Matts' election literature. The original photograph, however, shows the same two candidates campaigning for a Malawian family of asylum seekers to be allowed to stay in Britain. Widdecombe said she was "happy to be associated with either message". ）

   

    2005年4月：这个数字复合演员布拉德皮特和安吉丽娜朱莉，据传有一个浪漫的关系，似乎在封面上的明星杂志。图片皮特是在安圭拉岛，加勒比海的一个岛国，在2005年1月。图片的朱莉是在弗吉尼亚州一些时间在2004年。第8页上是一个声明指出的形象是一个“复合的两张照片。 ”这是复合购买大照片，总部设在伦敦的摄影机构，为$500000 。

    （April 2005: This digital composite of actors Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie, rumored to have a romantic relationship, appeared on the cover of Star Magazine. The picture of Pitt was taken in Anguilla, a Caribbean island, in January 2005. The picture of Jolie was taken in Virginia some time in 2004. On page 8 is a disclaimer noting the image is a "composite of two photographs." This composite was purchased from Big Pictures, a London-based photography agency, for $500,000. ）

   

    2005年7月：这个数字复合出现在竞选传单纽约市民主党市长候选人弗吉尼亚字段。图为站在场与不同群体的人。领域的首席竞选顾问，乔默丘里奥承认，图片是一个综合的四个单独的照片。图片显示，默丘里奥，意在表明，她拥有广泛的支持，而不是为了欺骗任何人。

    （July 2005: This digital composite appeared on a campaign flyer for New York City Democratic mayoral candidate Virginia Fields. The picture shows Fields standing with a diverse group of people. Fields' chief campaign consultant, Joe Mercurio, admitted the picture was a composite of four separate photos. The picture, according to Mercurio, was meant to show that she has broad support and was not intended to deceive anyone. ）

   

    2006年1月： 2004年，客座教授黄禹锡和他的同事发表看来是突破性的进展，干细胞研究。本文中出现的一个最负盛名的科学期刊，科学。慢慢的证据出现，这些结果被操纵和/或编造的。经过几个月的争议，撤销黄禹锡的科学论文，并辞去他的位置上大学。韩国一个独立调查小组的指控欺诈发现，部分，至少有9个11定制干细胞的殖民地，黄禹锡曾声称已经取得了假货。大部分的证据，这9个殖民地，该小组说，参与变造的照片，其他两个，真实，殖民地。

   

     2006年1月：在2001年，博士乔恩Sudbo挪威镭医院在奥斯陆发表了一份研究报告，在著名杂志柳叶刀 ，认为长期使用某些非甾体抗炎药的风险降低口腔癌。这一发现被视为一种方式转变的重点从治疗手术和对新的药物疗法。这些结果质疑时，发现250 Sudbo的样本908人在该研究所有有着相同的生日。此外，据透露，两张照片从一个显微镜，据说代表两个不同的病人在不同阶段的口腔癌前病变，是不同的放大倍率相同的图像。编辑柳叶刀发表了“表达关切”说Sudbo的研究是“刚刚完成的捏造。 ”

   

     2006年1月：印度著名影星Khushboo正在采取法律行动出版商马克西姆杂志出版了一本变造的照片。这张照片是由数位剪接Khushboo的头到另一种模式的穿着暴露的身体。这张照片被刊登在印度版本的马克西姆“的标题下妇女你将永远不会看到马克西姆-1 00％假的。 ” 杂志编辑，苏尼尔梅赫拉说： “我们对此深感抱歉造成任何意外伤害和犯罪Khushboo 。尽管道歉， Khushboo计划前往法院， ”事实上的惩罚是男子终于向他们应该是一个对任何人的威慑谁试图对待妇女作为一种商品，并利用它们作为他们请。我不会选择任何形式的庭外解决， “她说。

   

    （January 2006: In 2004, Professor Hwang Woo-Suk and colleagues published what appeared to be ground-breaking advances in stem cell research. This paper appeared in one of the most prestigious scientific journals, Science. Evidence slowly emerged that these results were manipulated and/or fabricated. After months of controversy, Hwang retracted the Science paper and resigned his position at the University. An independent Korean panel investigating the accusations of fraud found, in part, that at least nine of the eleven customized stem cell colonies that Hwang had claimed to have made were fakes. Much of the evidence for those nine colonies, the panel said, involved doctored photographs of two other, authentic, colonies.

   

    January 2006: In 2001, Dr. Jon Sudbo of the Norwegian Radium Hospital in Oslo published a study, in the prestigious journal Lancet, contending that long-term use of certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduced the risk of oral cancer. This finding was touted as a way to shift the focus of treatment away from surgery and toward new drug therapies. These results were cast into doubt when it was revealed that 250 of Sudbo's sample of 908 people in that study all shared the same birthday. In addition, it was revealed that two photographs from a microscope, reportedly representing two different patients at different stages of precancerous mouth lesions, were different magnifications of the same image. The editors of Lancet issued an "expression of concern" saying Sudbo's research was "just complete fabrication."

   

    （January 2006: Famed Indian movie star Khushboo is taking legal action against the publishers of Maxim magazine for the publication of a doctored photograph. The photograph was created by digitally splicing Khushboo's head onto another model's scantily clad body. This photograph was published in the Indian version of Maxim under the heading "Women you will never see in Maxim - 100% fake". Magazine editor, Sunil Mehra, said "We are deeply apologetic for causing any inadvertent hurt and offence to Khushboo. Despite an apology, Khushboo plans to go to court, "Indeed the punishment that is finally meted out to them should be a deterrent against anyone who tries to treat women as a commodity and exploit them as they please. I will not opt for any kind of out-of-court settlement," she said. ）

    February 2007: The campaign of Tung Nguyen (second from left) for Orange County supervisorial candidate doctored a photo placing Nguyen close to Governor Schwarzenegger. The photo appeared in two Vietnamese-language daily newspapers. Although Nguyen attended the event with Schwarzenegger, he was not standing next to him. Instead, Nguyen's head was spliced onto another person's body. Nguyen's campaign first blamed the alteration on an advertising company and then on a campaign volunteer.   

    March 2007: This image of former US President Ronald Reagan appeared on the cover of Time Magazine under the headline "How the Right Went Wrong". The image was doctored to include a tear on Reagan's face. Time issued a statement saying it regularly runs what it calls "conceptual covers." They said: "This week's cover image is clearly credited on the table of contents page, naming both the photographer of the Reagan photo and the illustrator of the tear."

   

    April 2007: Under the headline "Rove personally connected to email scandal", this photo of presidential adviser Karl Rove, was said to provide evidence that the White House had created an independent e-mail system for communicating outside of the White House's email system, which is automatically archived for record-keeping. The doctored photo, however, was part of an April Fool's joke, and marketing campaign by the Internet design company Coptix. "We watched the misinformation filter upward and outward," said a Coptix spokesman. "This has driven tens of thousands of visitors to our Web site. ... We consider our Web marketing experiment a success."

   

    April 2007: Newspaper photographer Allan Detrich resigned from The Blade of Toledo Ohio after admitting he had altered a photo that appeared in the paper. Detrich submitted at least 79 photos for publication since the beginning of the year that were digitally altered, 58 of which appeared in print. In a printed letter to readers, Blade Editor Ron Royhab said "the changes Mr. Detrich made included erasing people, tree limbs, utility poles, electrical wires, electrical outlets, and other background elements from photographs. In other cases, he added elements such as tree branches and shrubbery." The Blade released three examples of how Detrich altered photos. "Readers have asked us why this was such a big deal. What's wrong with changing the content of a photograph that is published in a newspaper? The answer is simple: It is dishonest," Royhab wrote. "Journalism, whether by using words or pictures, must be an accurate representation of the truth."

   

    April 2007: The New York Times published this digitally altered photograph. In a correction, the Times' editor said "The wood siding at the far left of the building was out of alignment because the picture was retouched by a Times staff member who took the picture, but who is not a staff photographer. He altered it because a flash created a white spot on the picture when he shot it through the window of a train. Also, the retouching tool left a round circle on the building's window at the right". The Editor's note concludes with "Times policy forbids the manipulation of any photograph. Had editors been aware of the manipulation and seen the original picture, they would have either published the picture with the blemish or not used it."

    May 2007: In an advertisement for IMAX 3D theaters promoting the latest Harry Potter movie, the bust of actress Emma Watson was digitally enlarged. A similar advertisement in regular theaters was unaltered. Warner Brothers Pictures released a statement that said "This is not an official poster. Unfortunately this image was accidentally posted on the IMAX website. The mistake was promptly rectified and the image taken down."    May 2007: The biceps of tennis player Andy Roddick were conspicuously enlarged on the cover of Men's Fitness magazine. Roddick commented that he was "pretty sure I'm not as fit as the Men's Fitness cover suggests". He also noted that a prominent birthmark on his right arm had been erased. Richard Valvo, a spokesman for Men's Fitness, said, "We wouldn't comment on any type of production issue." Adding, "I don't see what the big issue is here."    

    July 2007: This cover of Redbook magazine shows a heavily re-touched (and thinner) image of singer and actress Faith Hill. Redbook was accused of contributing to the unattainable body image created by digital re-touching. In response, Redbook's editor in chief Stacy Morrison said, "The retouching we did on Faith Hill's photo for the July cover of Redbook is completely in line with industry standards."

   

    July 2007: Missouri University professor R. Michael Roberts and co-authors retracted their paper (Cdx2 Gene Expression and Trophectoderm Lineage Specification in Mouse Embryos) published in Science after an investigation revealed that accompanying images were doctored. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the published research presented evidence that the first two cells of mouse embryos possess markers that indicate from a very early stage whether they will grow into a fetus or placenta. An investigating university committee found that lead author and post-doctoral researcher Kaushik Deb deliberately altered images of the embryos. Deb abruptly resigned his position and moved with no forwarding address or explanation. The committee said Roberts was cleared of wrongdoing by the committee, but that there was some concern over "whether he had acted appropriately at all times" during the research period. "Since he addressed that in the letter he sent to Science , we had no reason to suspect anything other than that he had been tricked."

    August 2007: The Kentucky state Republican Party distributed campaign flyers that depict Steve Beshear, the Democratic nominee for Governor, as a high-roller leaning on a casino table. "Don't gamble on Steve Beshear and his fool's gold casino plan," says the campaign material. State Republican party chairman Steve Robertson said the photo is of Beshear's head but someone else's body. "It is a humorous way to communicate the message", Robertson said.     August 2007: The French Magazine Paris Match altered this photograph of French President Nicolas Sarkozy by removing some body fat. The magazine said it had tried adjusting the lighting on the picture. "The correction was exaggerated during the printing process," the magazine said.